Historica Olomucensia vol. 62 (2022), 155-169 | DOI: 10.5507/ho.2022.009
Na rozdiel od krajín západne od uhorských hraníc, kde ústavná starostlivosť o chudobné osirelé deti vznikla prioritne ako súčasť opatrení na elimináciu pouličného žobrania a podporu manufaktúrnej výroby, v Uhorsku boli dôvody založenia prvých sirotincov najmä konfesionálne. V krajine, kde popri sebe legálne pôsobilo niekoľko kresťanských cirkví, sa aj ústavná starostlivosť o siroty stala súčasťou konfesionálneho boja. Všetky štyri ústavy, tri súkromné a jeden štátny, ktoré boli v Uhorsku založené v druhej polovici 18. storočia, boli určené pre siroty, ktoré sa ústavnou výchovou mali upevniť v katolíckej viere alebo sa pre ňu získať. Do uhorských sirotincov sa však okrem sirôt prijímali aj deti žijúcich rodičov, najmä ak pochádzali z konfesionálne zmiešaných manželstiev a v rozpore so zákonom neboli vychovávané ako katolíci. Nástrojom na vymáhanie katolíckej výchovy detí sa stali najmä sirotince v Kőszegu a Tomášikove. Ústav v Kőszegu, od roku 1750 spravovaný členmi Spoločnosti Ježišovej, bol podľa zakladacej listiny prioritne určený pre protestantské siroty alebo konvertitov, aby sa odlúčili od svojho protestantského rodinného prostredia a poskytla sa im katolícka výchova. Do roku 1763 sa avšak do sirotinca rôznym spôsobom lákali aj protestantské deti žijúcich rodičov s cieľom získať ich pre katolícku konfesiu. Do kráľovského sirotinca v Tomášikove sa podľa vôle jeho zakladateľov mali prijímať najmä chudobní osirelí konvertiti. V praxi sa však väčšina chovancov dostala do ústavu kvôli svojmu statusu chudobnej siroty, hoci sa vyskytli aj prípady dobrovoľného či násilného umiestňovania detí do ústavnej výchovy z náboženských dôvodov.
In contrast to the lands west of the Hungarian border, where constitutional care for orphans came about as a priority as part of the measures for elimination of street begging and support for factory production, in Hungary the reasons for establishing the first orphanages tended to be confessional. In a country where several Christian denominations existed legally alongside one another, institutional care for orphans became part of the confessional struggle. All four institutes, three private and one state, which were founded in Hungary in the second half of the eighteenth century, were designated for orphans who by means of constitutional care were to be strengthened in the Catholic faith or converted. Apart from orphans, children of living parents were accepted into Hungarian orphanages, particularly if they came from confessionally mixed marriages and who, against the law, had not been raised as Catholics. Orphanages specifically were tools for encouraging the Catholic raising of children in Kőszeg and Tomášikovo. The institution in Kőszeg, administered as of the year 1750 by members of the Society of Jesus, was primarily, according to the foundation document, designated for Protestant orphans or converts, in order to draw them away from their Protestant family environment and provide them with a Catholic upbringing. Protestant children of living parents, however, were also brought to the orphanage for various reasons up to the year 1763, with the goal of obtaining them for the Catholic confession. Poor orphaned converts in particular were to be accepted into the royal orphanage in Tomášikovo in accordance with the will of its founder. In reality, however, the majority of the children found their way into the institution due to their status as poor orphans, although there were also cases of voluntary or forced placement of children into constitutional care for religious reasons.
Published: June 11, 2022 Show citation
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